M20
M-20 [1] M-20, (M20)
was a Soviet digital general purpose mainframe computer developed at the Institute of Precise Mechanics and Computer Engineering, and manufactured from 1958 to 1964 at Kazan Plant of Computing Machines. Chief designer was Sergey Alekseevich Lebedev [2], who already created the first Soviet computer, the MESM in 1950, and further the BESM-1 and 2 [3]. Chief developer assistants were M.K. Soulim and Mikhail R. Shura-Bura [4] [5] et al. [6].
Successors
Later, M-220 [8], M-222 [9] and BESM-4 semiconductor models were developed, which had increased storage volume and were software compatible with the M-20. They were mass-manufactured until 1974 and used in computer centers all over the Soviet Union [10]. BESM-4 was used to create the first ever computer animation in 1968 [11] [12].
Chess Programs
Shura-Bura’s Program
A chess program was already developed around 1961 under direction of Mikhail R. Shura-Bura at the Steklov Institute of Mathematics [13] [14] [15].
ITEP Chess Program
The ITEP Chess Program, forerunner of Kaissa, developed since 1961 [16] at Alexander Kronrod’s laboratory at the Moscow Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics (ITEP) by Georgy Adelson-Velsky, Vladimir Arlazarov, Anatoly Uskov, Alexander Zhivotovsky, A. Leman, M. Rozenfeld and Russian chess master Alexander Bitman [17] was written for the M-20 [18] [19].
Quote from Mikhail Donskoy’s life cycle of a programmer [20]:
Eureka
After Mikhail Botvinnik introduced his early computer chess ideas concerning attack maps and trajectories at Moscow Central Chess Club [21] in 1966, with the skeptical Georgy Adelson-Velsky and others attending, he found Vladimir Butenko as supporter and collaborator. Butenko first implemented the 15x15 vector attacks board representation, determining trajectories on a M-20 computer in a program which apparently was a forerunner of Pioneer, which evolved to Eureka after he refused further cooperation with Botvinnik in 1970 [22].
Selected Games
David Bronstein - M-20 [23] [24]
In his Advances in Computer Chess 8 conference paper, Bronstein mentioned he played Kaissa in 1963 with queen odds [25], so one may assume it was already an early version of the ITEP Chess Program running on a M-20. In The Early Development of Programming in the USSR [26], Andrey Ershov and Mikhail R. Shura-Bura note that in the end of the 1950’s a group of Moscow mathematicians began a study of computerized chess which eventually led to the victory at the WCCC 1974 [27].
See also
External Links
- M-20 Computer from the Russian Virtual Computer Museum
- M series (computer) from Wikipedia
- Minsk family of computers from Wikipedia
- Minsk Family of Computers from the Russian Virtual Computer Museum
- Anatoliy Nikolaevich Myamlin from the Russian Virtual Computer Museum
- The chess games of M20 (Computer) from chessgames.com
- m20 - Emulator of M-20, soviet vacuum tube computer - Google Project Hosting
Architecture - m20 - Emulator of M-20, soviet vacuum tube computer - Google Project Hosting
- GreKo - Download has a listing of the ITEP Chess Program for the M-20 computer, hosted by Vladimir Medvedev
GreKo - Download (c) 2002-2011 Vladimir Medvedev
References
- ↑ m20 - Emulator of M-20, soviet vacuum tube computer - Google Project Hosting
- ↑ Sergey Alekseevich Lebedev from the Russian Virtual Computer Museum
- ↑ Gregory D. Crowe, Seymour E. Goodman (1994). S.A. Lebedev and the Birth of Soviet Computing. IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, Vol. 16, No. 1, pdf
- ↑ Mikhail Romanovich Shura-Bura from the Russian Virtual Computer Museum
- ↑ The Editorial Board (2009). To the Memory of Mikhail Romanovich Shura-Bura. Programming and Computer Software, Vol. 35, No. 4, pp. 181–182. © Pleiades Publishing, Ltd., Original Russian Text © Editorial Board, published in Programmirovanie, Vol. 35, No. 4, pdf
- ↑ M-20 Computer from the Russian Virtual Computer Museum
- ↑ M series (computer) from Wikipedia
- ↑ M-220 Computer from the Russian Virtual Computer Museum
- ↑ M series (computer) from Wikipedia
- ↑ m20 - Emulator of M-20, soviet vacuum tube computer - Google Project Hosting
- ↑ Кошечка : Математические этюды, translated by Google Translate
- ↑ “Kitty”: One of the First-Ever Computer Animations | Geekosystem
- ↑ Jaap van den Herik (1983). Computerschaak, Schaakwereld en Kunstmatige Intelligentie. Ph.D. thesis, Delft University of Technology. Academic Service, The Hague. ISBN 90 62 33 093 2 (Dutch), 2.2.9. Sjoera-Boera
- ↑ Schachcomputer - Geschichte - 6 by Karsten Bauermeister (German)
- ↑ Computerschach - ein Überblick von Mathias Grontzki (German)
- ↑ “Каисса” - Историю программы рассказывает один из ее создателей Михаил Донской (Russian Kaissa - by Mikhail Donskoy)
- ↑ Georgy Adelson-Velsky, Vladimir Arlazarov, Alexander Bitman, Alexander Zhivotovsky, Anatoly Uskov (1970). Programming a Computer to Play Chess. Russian Mathematical Surveys, Vol. 25, pp. 221-262
- ↑ GreKo - Download has a listing of the ITEP Chess Program for the M-20 computer, hosted by Vladimir Medvedev
- ↑ Michael Brudno (2000). Competitions, Controversies, and Computer Chess, pdf
- ↑ Михаил Донской: Жизненный цикл программиста - ПОЛИТ.РУ (Russian) Mikhail Donskoy - The life cycle of a programmer translated by Google Translate, polit.ru August 20, 2008
- ↑ The last day of the “Botvinnik Memorial” by Anna Burtasova, ChessBase News, September 07, 2011
- ↑ Лингвистическая Геометрия Бориса Штильмана, Linguistic Geometry Boris Stilman by Alexander Timofeev ( Google Translate) По стопам ПИОНЕРа, In the footsteps of Pioneer
- ↑ David Bronstein and Tom Fürstenberg (1995). The Sorcerer’s Apprentice. Cadogan Books, London. ISBN 1-85744-151-6, pp. 278 (26) Bronstein,D - M20 Computer
- ↑ David Bronstein vs M20 (Computer) 1963 from chessgames.com
- ↑ David Bronstein (1997). My Experiences with Computers. Advances in Computer Chess 8
- ↑ Andrey Ershov, Mikhail R. Shura-Bura (1980). The Early Development of Programming in the USSR. in Nicholas C. Metropolis (ed.) A History of Computing in the Twentieth Century. Academic Press, pp. 137-196
- ↑ preprint pp. 44